Tell me how much your opponent team runs and I will tell you how much you should run: A predictive model applied to Spanish high-level football.

The aim of this study was to predict a team's accumulated distance (TotDisTea) and accumulated distance at > 21 km/h (TotDis21Tea) in the Spanish Football First Division. 2,946 team physical performances (out of 3040 possible) during four seasons (from 2016-17 to 2019-20) were analysed. The outcome variables were the TotDisTea and TotDis21Tea when the ball was in play. Eight predictor variables were used: the distance accumulated and accumulated at > 21 km/h by the opponent (TotDisOpp and TotDis21Opp) were registered in km, the effective playing (EffPlaTim) and possession (BalPos) time were recorded in min, match location (MatLoc) had two levels (home and away), match outcome (MatOut) had three levels (lost, drawn, and won), and the teams were grouped in four levels (Champions League, Europa League, remained, and relegation) distinguishing the observed team (TeaLev) and the opponent team (OppLev) in the match. A total of 127 models were estimated from the all-possible regressions procedure for each outcome variable. The model with six predictor variables was selected as the best model to predict the TotDisTea (R2adj = .82). The predictor variables TotDisOpp, EffPlaTim, and BalPos had a greater contribution to the mean outcome value than the predictors OppLev, TeaLev, and MatLoc. All models estimated to predict TotDis21Tea had little predictive power (R2adj < .38). The findings of this study have both theoretical and practical implications for practitioners. The interaction between teams has a great effect on the conditional response. Before the match, teams could use this information to anticipate the physical demand expected in the next match, and after the match, be able to assess whether the physical response was similar to expected, and make decisions.

Influence of match status and possession status on the physical and technical characteristics of elite youth female soccer match-play.

This study compared the influence of match status (drawing, losing, or winning) and possession status (in-possession, out-of-possession, or ball-out-of-play) on the physical and technical characteristics of U14 and U16 elite youth female soccer match-play. Data were collected from 189 female academy players during 45 competitive matches, resulting in 387 match observations. Linear mixed models estimated relative; total distance, high-speed running (≥3.00 m·s-1), very high-speed running (≥4.83 m·s-1), and sprinting (≥5.76 m·s-1) distance according to match status and possession status, and 21 technical variables according to match status. Differences in physical and technical characteristics were observed between and within age-groups, dependent upon match status and possession status. Regardless of match status, both age-groups covered greater distances when the ball was in-play compared to ball-out-of-play (107-130 vs 58-68 m·min-1). U16s covered greater distances when out-of-possession than in-possession, regardless of match status. Whilst U14s covered greater distances out-of-possession when drawing or losing only. Differences in physical and technical characteristics when drawing, losing, or winning, suggest a change in playing style according to match status, likely in an attempt to influence or maintain the score-line. These findings have practical implications for coaching, talent identification and development practices within youth female soccer.

A random forest approach to explore how situational variables affect perceived exertion of elite youth soccer players.

The aim of this study was to explore how situational variables affect youth soccer players' perceived exertion (RPE) after official matches. Thirty-five elite youth male players (14.33 ± 0.86 years; 173.49 ± 6.16 cm; 63.44 ± 5.98 kg) who belonged to two different teams of a professional club participated in this study. Data collection was conducted during two seasons (2016-2017, 2017-2018) and included 60 official matches (30 official matches per team). Ten minutes after each match players rated their RPE and using a modified Borg CR-10 scale. A Random Forest Regression was used to quantify the importance of match-related situational variables in RPE. Afterwards, a linear mixed model analysis was applied to identify the variability in RPE among the situational variables. The game-playing time, the player status (starter or substitute) and the player identity were the strongest predictors of RPE. Moreover, the match outcome and the final scoreline showed significant effects on both starter and substitute players but the main effect of the quality of the opponent was only identified in starter players (p < 0.05). These results allow practitioners to know how situational variables interact and modulate RPE after official matches and help them to prescribe and adapt the players' training content and load before and after matches.

Factors affecting match running performance in elite soccer: Analysis of UEFA Champions League matches.

This study aimed to examine the independent effect of different match-related factors on match running performance (MRP) in elite soccer. Players' MRPs (n = 244) were collected during UEFA Champions League (UCL) group stage matches in the 2020-21 season. All MRP data were collected by the semi-automatic optical system InStat Fitness (InStat Limited, Limerick, Republic of Ireland). Match-related factors included match outcome, team quality, match location, opponent quality and difference in team quality, while MRP included cumulative and relative measures of total distance (TD and R-TD), low-intensity running (LIR and R-LIR) (≤ 4 m/s), moderate-intensity running (MIR and R-MIR) (4-5.5 m/s) and high-intensity running (HIR and R-HIR) (≥ 5.5 m/s). Linear mixed models were used to examine the collective effect of match-related factors on MRPs when controlling for between-player, between-playing position and between-team variation. The main findings were that match outcome was associated with reduced HIR (d = -0.38, p = 0.04), match location was associated with increased TD, R-TD, LIR and R-LIR (d = 0.54-0.87, all p < 0.01), while team quality, opponent quality and difference in team quality were not associated with MRP. These results show that (i) winning UCL matches was not strongly influenced by players' physical performance, (ii) away UCL matches were characterized by a slower match pace and greater match volume, and (iii) players' physical performance was similar irrespective of playing either in or against high- or low-quality teams. The findings from this study may help soccer coaches to ensure optimal physical preparation of players in elite soccer.

The difficulty of oral speech act production tasks in second language pragmatics testing.

This study examined the relative difficulty of oral speech act production tasks involving eight different types of speech acts for Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and the effects of three contextual variables, namely, power, social distance, and imposition, on such difficulty. Eight Oral Discourse Completion Task items, each representing a unique combination of the three contextual variables, were designed for each speech act. Eighty Chinese EFL learners responded to these items and their responses were rated for appropriateness by two native-speaking college English instructors. A Many-facet Rasch Measurement analysis suggested that the eight speech acts can be ordered by ascending difficulty as follows: Thank, Request, Suggestion, Disagreement, Invitation, Refusal, Offer, and Apology. Significant effects on performance scores were found for the interaction between each of the three contextual variables and speech act, and the specific effects observed varied by speech act. The implications of our findings for L2 pragmatics testing are discussed.

The influence of removing home advantage on the Chinese Football Super League.

BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 season Chinese Super League (CSL) was held in neutral venues, this study aims to analyse the impact of removing home advantage (HA) in CSL. METHOD: 240 games of the CSL 2019 season (home and away double round-robin system) and 160 games of the 2020 season (in neutral venues) were analysed. 27 technical and tactical performance indicators were involved as dependent variables. A multiple linear regression model was established to analyse the influence of removing HA on the performance indicators. RESULTS: After moving from home stadium to neutral venue in 2020 season, goal, shot, shot on target, shot from outside box, shot from inside box, shot on target from inside box, corner kick, key pass, cross, breakthrough, tackle decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while yellow card and foul increased steeply (p < 0.05). Comparing with playing away match, in neutral venue, free kicks and pass accuracy enhanced radically (p < 0.05), while tackle, clearance and block shot dropped noticeably (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: When removing HA and playing in the neutral venue, teams' performance dropped significantly. This study confirmed the positive impact of HA on the teams' performance and may help elite football teams make proper playing strategies regarding different match locations.

On-Match Impact and Outcomes of Scoring First in Professional European Female Football.

BACKGROUND: Scoring first seems to be a determinant in professional football playing; several factors could influence the development of the match and the outcome. This study aimed to identify which factors could influence scoring first and impact match outcomes in professional European female football. METHODS: There were 504 official matches held on 74 match days during the 2018-2019 professional female European football seasons (Primera Iberdrola, D1 Féminine, and Frauen-Bundesliga), analysed using a notational and inferential assessment. RESULTS: There was a direct positive relationship (p < 0.05) between scoring first and winning the match; 75.9% of the winning teams scored first. Moreover, those teams that usually scored first had a better final league classification (p < 0.05). These relationships were not influenced by home or away conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Scoring first is a determinant in the outcomes of professional European female football matches. Physical and tactical training and programming should focus on those variables, leading female teams to score first.

Win, Draw, or Lose? Global Positioning System-Based Variables' Effect on the Match Outcome: A Full-Season Study on an Iranian Professional Soccer Team.

The aim of the study was to determine the between-match and between-halves match variability of various Global Positioning System (GPS) variables and metabolic power average (MPA) in competitions, based on the match results obtained by professional soccer players over a full season. Observations on individual match performance measures were undertaken on thirteen outfield players competing in the Iranian Premier League. The measures selected for analysis included total duration, accelerations in zones (AccZ1, 2, and 3), decelerations in zones (DecZ1, 2, and 3), and MPA collected by the Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit (WIMU). The GPS manufacturer set the thresholds for the variables analyzed as follows: AccZ1 (<2 m·s-2); AccZ2 (2 to 4 m·s-2); AccZ3 (>4 m·s-2); DecZ1 (<-2 m·s-2); DecZ2 (-2 to -4 m·s-2); DecZ3 (>-4 m·s-2). The results revealed significant differences between wins and draws for the duration of the match and draws compared to wins for the first- half duration (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.36 [-0.43, 1.12]), (p ≤ 0.05; ES = -7.0 [-8.78, -4.78], respectively. There were significant differences on AccZ1 during the first-half between draws and defeats (p ≤ 0.05; ES = -0.43 [-1.32, 0.46]), for AccZ3 in the second-half between draws and defeats (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 1.37 [0.48, 2.25]). In addition, there were significant differences between wins and draws (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.22 [-0.62, 1.10]), and wins and defeats for MPA in the first- half (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.34 [-0.65, 1.22]). MPA showed further differences between draws and defeats in the second- half (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.57 [-0.22, 1.35]). Descriptive analysis revealed differences between the first and second half for wins in AccZ2 (p = 0.005), DecZ2 (p = 0.029), and MPA (p = 0.048). In addition, draws showed significant differences between the first and second half in duration, AccZ1, AccZ2, and DecZ2 (p = 0.008), (p = 0.017), (p = 0.040), and (p = 0.037) respectively. Defeats showed differences between the first and second half in AccZ1, AccZ3, and MPA (p = 0.001), (p = 0.018), and (p = 0.003) respectively. In summary, the study reveals large variations between the match duration, accelerometer variables, and MPA both within and between matches. Regardless of the match outcome, the first half seems to produce greater outputs. The results should be considered when performing a half-time re-warm-up, as this may be an additional factor influencing the drop in the intensity markers in the second half in conjunction with factors such as fatigue, pacing strategies, and other contextual variables that may influence the results.

Prediction of Match Outcomes with Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Group Stage in the UEFA Champions League.

The aim of this study was to analyse the win, draw, and loss outcomes of soccer matches with situational variables and performance indicators. Data from group stage matches spanning the ten years between the 2010/2011 and 2019/2020 seasons in the European Champions League, were used. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) tests indicated performance indicators which affected the outcome of matches. K-mean clustering, with statistically significant variables, categorized the quality of the opposition into three clusters: weak, balanced, and strong. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and decision tree analysis were applied to each of these clusters, highlighting that performance indicators of the teams differed according to the quality of their opponent. Furthermore, according to the decision tree analysis, certain performance indicators, including scoring first and shots on target, increased the chances of winning regardless of the quality of the opposition. Finally, particular performance indicators increased the chance of winning, while others decreased this, in accordance with the quality of the opposition. These findings can help coaches develop different strategies, before or during the match, based on the quality of opponents, situational variables, and performance indicators.

Effect of Situational Factors on the Rate of Perceived Exertion of Liga Femenina 2 Players / Efecto de factores situacionales en la tasa de esfuerzo percibido de jugadoras de Liga Femenina 2

The aim of the study is to understand the impact of certain situational variables (game location, season phase, game outcome, score-line and quality of opposition) on the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of women players of Liga Femenina 2 in competition. 24 matches played by 12 players of a team from group B of Liga Femenina 2 of the Spanish Basketball Federation during the 2019/2020 season were analysed. The RPE of the players was collected between 20 and 30 minutes after the end of the game. A multiple regression analysis was performed, considering the five situational variables as predictors of RPE. The results show that 44.61% of the RPE values are explained by these situational variables in a statistically significant way. Of the 5 situational variables analysed, the game location and the quality of opposition are dependent on the RPE. Playing away and against a weaker opponent is directly related to a higher RPE of the players in competition.(AU)

Impact of Scoring First on Match Outcome in the Chinese Football Super League.

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of scoring first on match outcomes in the Chinese Football Super League (CSL). A total of 1,116 matches in which at least one goal was scored from the 2014 to 2018 seasons were collected. Match outcomes, absolute goal differences, the minute of the first goal, match locations, and teams' budgets were analyzed. A team's budget was measured in terms of a team's value at the beginning of the season, and teams were clustered into two groups (high and low budget with means of 50.77 and 13.77 million dollars, respectively). A descriptive analysis was conducted, and two generalized linear models (a multinomial logit model and a Poisson model; p < 0.05) were applied. The results showed a favorable outcome for the team that scored first both in match outcome and goal difference. Regarding the teams that scored first, 66.31% won their matches, 20.70% achieved a draw, and 12.99% lost. Specifically, home teams were more likely to win (13.42%) and less likely to lose (9.52%) or draw (3.90%) than away teams. Home teams also had a higher likelihood of obtaining a larger goal difference. Higher budget teams were more likely to win (14.90%) and less likely to lose (9.75%) or draw (5.14%) than low-budget teams. Additionally, for each minute, the team scores closer to the end of the match, and the average probability of winning increased by 0.0028. These findings can guide the strategies of coaches in different match scenarios according to the match location and the opponent's quality.

Effects of match location, match result and the quality of opposition in training load on a two-matches week in a top-class elite European soccer team / Efectos de la ubicación del juego, el resultado del juego y la calidad del oponente, sobre la carga de entrenamiento en semanas con 2 juegos en un equipo de fútbol de élite europeo de alto nivel / Efeitos da localização do jogo, resultado do jogo e qualidade do adversário, na carga de treino em semanas com 2 jogos numa equipa de futebol elite europeia de alto nivel

The aim of this study is to analyseeffects of match location, match result and level of opponents in training load on the two following days of the match (MD+1; MD+2) in a top-class elite soccer European team. Nine players participated in this study. Total distance covered, distances of different exercise training zones (1–5) and average speed (AvS) were analysed. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and Hooper Index scores (fatigue, stress, sleep quality, delayed onset muscle soreness-DOMS) were also analysed. Data was analysedregarding the two following days of a match. All weeks analysed included two matches. The results showed lower values of DOMS, effect size (ES)= 1.69, and fatigue ES=1.25, on the day following an away-win match than a home-defeat match against a bottom level opponent (all, p<0.05). It was also observed higher values of sleep quality ES=1.44, zone 1, ES=-4.35, and AvS, ES=-12.65, but lower values of s-RPE, ES=3.52, on the day following away-win match against a national top-level opponent (TLO). Finally, higher values for zone 3, ES=1.71, and lower value for AvS, ES=-6.06 were observed on the day following away-win match than a home-defeat match against champions league opponent number 1 (all, p<0.05). Total distance, AvS and zone 4 were higher after playing national opponents and/or champions league opponents in MD+1 than MD+2. The pattern of training load seems to be affected by situational variables. In general, the higher the quality of the opponents, the higher Hooper index in MD+1. S-RPE seems to be higher after playing a bottom level opponent when compared with the other opponents. Also, after playing national opponents, total distance, zones 1 and 4 were higher than against international opponents. (AU)

El fútbol y el rendimiento pueden verse afectados por variables de contexto. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar los efectos de la ubicación, resultado del juego y nivel de los oponentes sobre la carga de entrenamiento en los dos días posteriores al juego (día del juego [MD] más [+], MD+1; MD+2) en un equipo de fútbol europeo de élite que participó en la UEFA Champions League en la temporada 2015/16. Nueve jugadores participaron en este estudio. Analizamos: utilicé un sistema de posicionamiento global para medir la distancia total (TD), distancias con diferentes zonas de intensidad (1-5) y velocidad media (AvS). También se recogieron el esfuerzo subjetivo percibido de la sesión (s-RPE) y el Índice Hooper (fatiga, estrés, calidad del sueño, dolor muscular-DOMS). Cada semana analizada incluyó dos juegos. Los principales resultados mostraron valores más bajos de DOMS, tamaño del efecto (ES) = 1,69 y fatiga, ES = 1,25, en MD+1 después de una victoria fuera de casaque una derrota en casa ante un rival de bajo nivel (todos, p<0.05). También se observaron valores más altos de calidad del sueño, ES = 1,44, zona 1, ES = -4,35 y AvS, ES = -12,65, pero valores más bajos de s-RPE, ES = 3,52, en MD+1 después de una victoria a domicilio, contra un oponente nacional de alto nivel (todos, p<0.05). Finalmente, se observaron valores más altos para la zona 3, ES = 1,71, y valores más bajos para AvS, ES = -6,06 en la MD+1 después de ganar fuera de casa que después de una derrota en casa, contra un oponente en la liga de campeones número 1 (todos, p<0.05). TD, AvS y zona 4 fueron más altos en MD+1 después de jugar contra oponentes nacionales en MD+1 que en MD+2 y / o oponentes en la liga de campeones que en MD+2. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os efeitos da localização, resultado do jogo e nível dos adversários na carga de treino nos dois dias seguintes ao jogo (MD+1; MD+2) numa equipa de futebol europeia de elite. Nove jogadores participaram neste estudo. Foram analisadas: distância total (TD), distâncias com zonas de intensidade (1–5) e velocidade média (AvS). A perceção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (s-RPE) e o Índice de Hooper (fadiga, stress, qualidade do sono, dor muscular-DOMS) também foram analisados. Todas as semanas analisadas incluíram dois jogos. Os resultados mostraram valores mais baixos de DOMS, tamanho do efeito (ES)=1,69 e fadiga, ES=1,25, no MD+1 após uma vitória fora de casa do que uma derrota em casa contra um adversário de baixo nível (todos, p<0.05). Também foram observados valores mais elevados de qualidade do sono, ES=1,44, zona 1, ES=-4,35 e AvS, ES=-12,65, mas valores mais reduzidos de s-RPE, ES=3,52, no MD+1 após uma vitória fora de casa, contra um adversário nacional de alto nível (todos, p<0.05). Finalmente, foram observados valores mais altos para a zona 3, ES=1,71 e valores mais baixos para AvS, ES=-6,06 no MD+1 após vitória fora de casa do que após uma derrota em casa, contra adversário na liga dos campeões número 1 (todos, p<0.05).TD, AvS e zona 4 foram maiores no MD+1 depois de jogar contra adversários nacionais e/ou adversários da liga dos campeões do que no MD+2. Em geral, quanto maior a qualidade dos adversários, maior o valor do índice de Hooper no MD+1. S-RPE foi maior depoisde jogar com um oponente de nível baixo quando comparado com os outros oponentes. Além disso, depois de jogar contra adversários nacionais, TD, zonas 1 e 4 foram maiores do que contra adversários internacionais. (AU)

Impact of contextual variables on the representative external load profile of Spanish professional soccer match-play: A full season study.

The aims of this study were to: (1) identify the representative external load profile of match-play in Spanish professional soccer players by principal components analysis (PCA), and (2) analyse the effect of match location (home vs away), match outcome (win vs draw vs loss) and length of the microcycle (5 vs 6 vs 7 vs 8 vs 9 days) on the external load profile. Data were collected during one season consisting of 42 matches in LaLiga 123 and 11 external load variables were selected after the PCA. TD, total distance covered; DIS0-6: distance from 0 to 6 km/h; DIS21-24: distance from 21 to 24 km/h; HSRD: high-speed running distance above 21 km/h; HSRA: total of high-speed running actions above 21 km/h; VMAX: maximum speed in km/h; Sprints: total of actions above 24 km/h; ACC: total of accelerations; ACCG-avg: average accelerometer G-force; ACCMAX: maximum acceleration (m/s2); DECMAX: maximum deceleration (m/s2). Match location had an impact on HSRD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05), DIS0-6 (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05), and ACCMAX (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05). Match outcome had a relation to TD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05), DIS0-6 (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05) and HSRD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05). Length of the microcycle had an impact on TD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.05), DIS0-6 (p < 0.01; ES = 0.11), ACC (p < 0.01; ES = 0.04) and VMAX (p < 0.01; ES = 0.04). This study provides coaches a selection of variables for match-play analysis, which could represent two-thirds of external load profile. Then, professionals should consider that these contextual variables could have an impact on the external load profile.

Players' On-Court Movements and Contextual Variables in Badminton World Championship.

This study aimed to analyze the elite badminton players' on-court movements related to contextual variables (game, round, and match status). A total of 18 matches of the Jakarta 2015 World Championship (1,273 points and 5,710 play actions) were examined by univariate and bivariate analyses. Significant differences were found when comparing the players' on-court movements related to game, round, and match status (p < 0.05). All movements were executed more frequently in game 2, with the exception of diagonal large backward left (DLBL), diagonal short backward left (DSBL), diagonal short backward right (DSBR), and longitudinal short backward (LSB). The results obtained related to the round showed that longitudinal large backward (LLB) was the most frequent footwork in R1/16 and R1/2, diagonal short forward left (DSFL) was the most frequent one for R1/4, and transversal short right (TSR) was the most used movement for the final round. According to match status, no movement (NM) was the most common situation before hitting the shuttlecock at any moment during the match. This study shows how contextual variables modulate the elite players' on-court movements. This information could be valuable for coaches and players, allowing them to better understand the players' behavior in a competition, which could be used to design more specific training tasks and prepare match strategies in order to improve the players' performance in competitions.

Effects of Match-Related Contextual Factors on Weekly Load Responses in Professional Brazilian Soccer Players.

This study aimed to quantify the weekly training load distributions according to match location, opponent standard, and match outcome in professional soccer players. Rate-of-perceived-exertion-based training load (sRPE) and distance- and accelerometry-based measures were monitored daily during 52 training sessions and 11 matches performed by 23 players. Athletes who played ≥ 60 min during non-congested weeks were considered for data analysis. The training days close to away matches (e.g., one day before the match = MD-1) presented greater sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work (player load) compared to the training days close to home matches (p = 0.001-0.002; effect size (ES) = medium-large). The most distant days of the home matches (e.g., five days before the match = MD-5) presented higher internal and external loads than before away matches (p = 0.002-0.003, ES = medium). Higher sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work were found during the middle of the week (e.g., three days before the match, MD-3) before playing against bottom vs. medium-ranking teams (p = 0.001-0.01, ES = small-medium). These metrics were lower in MD-5 before matches against bottom vs. medium-ranking opponents (p = 0.001, ES = medium). Higher values of all external load measures were observed during the training session before winning matches (MD-1) compared to a draw or loss (p < 0.001-0.001, ES = medium-large). In conclusion, the training load distribution throughout the week varied considerably according to match-contextual factors.

Violence rate dropped during a shift to individualized patient-oriented care in a high security forensic psychiatric ward.

BACKGROUND: Contextual variables such as staff characteristics, treatment programs, assessment routines and administrative structures are found to influence patient violence rates in psychiatric forensic wards. The possible effects of current developments in treatment philosophy emphasizing patients' perspective and treatment involvement upon violence rate have not yet been examined. The aim of this paper is to analyse associations between such developments and the occurrence of violent incidents among patients in a high security forensic psychiatric ward. METHODS: During a 17-year period with stable ward conditions, incidents of violence were systematically collected together with diagnostic, risk assessment and demographic patient characteristics. Changes in care- and organizational related variables such as nursing staff characteristics, treatment and management routines were collected. Multilevel modelling was applied to estimate the relationship between these variables and changes in violent incidents. RESULTS: A substantial decline in the occurrence of violent incidents paralleled with changes in the ward during the middle phase of the study period. Most of the changes, such as implementation of new treatment and care routines and an increased proportion of female staff and higher education levels, were significantly related to a decrease in the occurrence of violent incidents in the ward. CONCLUSIONS: Findings in this study suggest that an increase in individualized, patient-oriented care strategies, delivered by well-educated nursing staff with an equally balanced gender distribution contribute to a low level of violence.

The Influence of Match Status on Ball Possession in High Performance Women's Football.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the situational match status variable on the ball possession of the teams that participated in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The 52 games played during the championship have been collected, and 3,740 ball possessions made by the teams were analyzed. The teams have been divided into successful and unsuccessful. Three types of analysis have been carried out: a univariate analysis for both groups with the categorical and continuous variables selected; a bivariate analysis, using chi-square tests and the exact Fischer test; and finally, a multivariable technique such as the decision trees was incorporated. The available results show significant differences between the two groups considered. Specifically, there are significant differences between winning and losing teams in terms of match status. The results of the post hoc test have shown that unsuccessful teams make few ball possessions with a winning match status, most of the possessions are performed when they are losing. Instead, successful teams make more possessions when they are winning than when they are losing. Also, spend more time keeping the ball in their offensive zone, and completing a greater number of passes in it. The results of the decision tree identified that the unsuccessful teams have more ball possessions in forward and middle lines with a draw during the first half, while in the second, a large percentage of possessions are made with an unfavorable match status. Instead, the successful teams have more ball possessions in the first part with a draw, while in the second it happens with a favorable match status.

Contextual Factors Impact Styles of Play in the English Premier League.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of contextual factors on game styles in professional soccer. Interactions between styles and different playing venues, opposition quality, total match goals, and competing styles, were investigated using logistic regression and odds ratios. Game styles were characterised using the moments of play framework where three distinct styles have been identified: Style 1 - moderate strength in defence; Style 2 - dominance in transition, and Style 3 - strength in attacking phases of play. Results revealed that when playing at home against teams identified by Style 1, teams were more likely to play Style 2 (p < 0.05) or Style 3 (p < 0.001). Against top 10 opposition, teams were less likely to play Style 3 compared to either Style 1 (p < 0.001) or Style 2 (p < 0.001). Regardless of venue, teams were more likely to play Style 3 against bottom 10 sides compared to either Style 1 (p < 0.001) or Style 2 (p < 0.001), suggesting a hierarchical order between contextual factors. Competing game styles significantly impacted total match goals scored, whilst match results were also influenced by game style combinations. Overall, this study showed the significant effects of various contextual variables on game styles played by teams in the EPL.

The indistinguishables: determining appropriate environments for justice involved individuals.

Criminalizing those with mental illness is a controversial topic with a long and complex history in the United States. The problem has traditionally been dichotomized between criminals (i.e., "bad") in need of placement in jails and prisons and the mentally ill (i.e., "mad") who are need of treatment in psychiatric facilities. Recent trends demonstrate significant increases in the rates of mental illness in jails and prisons, as well as increased rates of violence within psychiatric hospitals. This would suggest that there are a group of justice involved individuals who are "indistinguishable" within the traditional dichotomous categories of dangerousness and mental illness. The authors argue for a more nuanced model that dimensionally conceptualizes dangerousness and mental illness; increased attention to situational factors that create facilities appropriate for those who are dangerous and mentally ill and more diversion programs for those inappropriate for incarceration or hospitalization.

Goals scored and received in 5vs4 GK game strategy are constrained by critical moment and situational variables in elite futsal.

The aim of this study was to identify the importance and meaning of goals using the goalkeeper as an outfield player in elite futsal according to critical and situational variables. The sample consisted of 11,446 actions corresponding to 1,325 matches from the 1st division Spanish Futsal League during the seasons from 2010 to 2015. Multinomial logistic regression and classification tree multivariate models were used to identify the best predictor variables related to the likelihood of scoring goals, receiving goals, or no goals. Results from Multinomial logistic regression emphasised goals scored in balanced matches and playing with the goalkeeper as an outfield player before the last eight minutes. When the teams were drawing or losing, finished with goals received or without goals. The classification tree results identified a greater likelihood of scoring goals when the teams were winning, in balanced matches, and within the last eight minutes. Conversely, a greater likelihood of suffering goals was observed using the goalkeeper as an outfield player when the teams were losing, in unbalanced matches and in the last eight minutes. The identified trends will allow futsal coaches to recognise the most suitable situations for achieving efficacy when using the goalkeeper as an outfield player strategy.